Genetically modified crops resumed their march across the world’s farmland last year, with GM plants covering a record 185m hectares — 3 per cent more than 2015. By far the largest increase was in Brazil, the engine of global GM growth, where the area expanded by 11 per cent to 44m hectares.
去年，轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物恢復(fù)了在全球耕地上的擴(kuò)張勢(shì)頭，其種植面積達(dá)到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的1.85億公頃，比2015年高出3%。增幅最大的是巴西，該國(guó)是全球轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物增長(zhǎng)的引擎，種植面積擴(kuò)大11%，至4400萬(wàn)公頃。
The figures come from the most authoritative annual survey of GM crops worldwide, carried out by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, a global network of non-profit centres that promote agricultural biotechnology. The equivalent ISAAA study a year ago had shown a small decrease in planting, the first since GM crops were commercialised 20 years ago.
這些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自有關(guān)全球轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物的最權(quán)威年度調(diào)查，調(diào)查由國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)應(yīng)用服務(wù)組織（International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications，簡(jiǎn)稱ISAAA）展開(kāi)。該組織是一個(gè)全球性網(wǎng)絡(luò)，旗下有多個(gè)推廣農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)的非營(yíng)利中心。該組織一年前的研究顯示，轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植面積略有減少，這是自轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物20年前開(kāi)始商業(yè)化種植以來(lái)的首次。
Paul Teng of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, ISAAA chair, attributed the upturn to various factors in different parts of the world. “There was some recovery in commodity prices, which had a positive effect particularly in the US,” he said. “Favourable weather led to an increase in planting in several countries.
ISAAA主席、新加坡南洋理工大學(xué)(Nanyang Technological University)教授Paul Teng將轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植面積恢復(fù)增長(zhǎng)歸因于全球不同地區(qū)的多個(gè)因素�！按笞谏唐穬r(jià)格有所回升，這尤其在美國(guó)產(chǎn)生了積極影響，”他表示，“有利的天氣使多個(gè)國(guó)家的種植面積增加�！�
“But the main driving force is that farmers appreciate the immense benefits of biotech crops for improved productivity and profitability, as well as conservation efforts,” said Professor Teng.
他表示：“但主要的推動(dòng)因素是農(nóng)民認(rèn)識(shí)到了生物技術(shù)農(nóng)作物對(duì)于提高生產(chǎn)率和利潤(rùn)率以及環(huán)保努力的巨大好處。”
Sales of GM seeds in 2016 were also up 3 per cent on 2015, according to data provided by Cropnosis, a research company. The market was worth $15.8bn, equivalent to 35 per cent of global commercial seed sales ($45bn).
根據(jù)研究機(jī)構(gòu)Cropnosis提供的數(shù)據(jù)，2016年轉(zhuǎn)基因種子的銷(xiāo)售額也比2015年增長(zhǎng)3%。這塊市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模為158億美元，相當(dāng)于全球商業(yè)種子銷(xiāo)售額（450億美元）的35%。
Four species still dominate GM planting: maize, soyabeans, cotton and canola (oilseed rape). The two main “traits” or characteristics conferred by genetic engineering so far have been herbicide tolerance, which enables farmers to spray fields with a weedkiller that does not harm the crop, and insect resistance, which stops pests eating the plants.
目前種植的主要轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物仍是以下四類(lèi)：玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜籽。目前基因工程賦予的兩種主要特點(diǎn)是耐除草劑和抗蟲(chóng)性，前者讓農(nóng)民可以向農(nóng)田噴灑除草劑，但不傷害農(nóng)作物，后者可以阻止害蟲(chóng)啃食農(nóng)作物。
But new GM crops would soon propel another wave of expansion, Professor Teng said: “With commercial approvals and plantings of new varieties of biotech potatoes and apples, consumers will begin to enjoy direct benefits of biotechnology with produce that is not likely to spoil or be damaged, which in turn has the potential to substantially reduce food waste and consumer grocery costs.” For example genes added to GM apples and potatoes make them more resistant to browning or bruising when cut or bashed.
但新的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物將會(huì)很快引發(fā)新一波擴(kuò)張，Paul Teng表示：“隨著以生物技術(shù)培育的新品種土豆和蘋(píng)果獲得商業(yè)化批準(zhǔn)和種植，消費(fèi)者將能開(kāi)始享受到生物技術(shù)帶來(lái)的直接益處，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不太可能壞掉或被破壞，從而有可能大量減少食品浪費(fèi)和消費(fèi)者在食品方面的成本�！崩�，被添加進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因蘋(píng)果和土豆的基因，可使蘋(píng)果和土豆在切開(kāi)或受到撞擊時(shí)更不容易變色或碰傷。
Although consumer and environmental groups across the world continue to resist GM crops, the resolutely pro-biotech ISAAA detects signs of changing attitudes.
盡管世界各地的消費(fèi)者和環(huán)保團(tuán)體繼續(xù)抵制轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物，但堅(jiān)定支持生物技術(shù)的ISAAA發(fā)現(xiàn)了人們態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變的一些跡象。
In Africa, for instance, “a new wave of acceptance is emerging”, with field trials of GM banana,cowpea and sorghum under way in several countries. Even in Europe, the heartland of anti-GMsentiment, 136,000 hectares of insect-resistant maize were planted — 17 per cent up on2015.
例如，在非洲，“新一波的接受浪潮正在出現(xiàn)”，多個(gè)國(guó)家正在開(kāi)展轉(zhuǎn)基因香蕉、豇豆和高粱的試驗(yàn)田。即便在作為反轉(zhuǎn)基因大本營(yíng)的歐洲，也種植了13.6萬(wàn)公頃防蟲(chóng)害的轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米，較2015年增長(zhǎng)了17%。
The commercial concentration of agricultural biotechnology is set to increase this year, withmegamergers in progress between Bayer and Monsanto, Dow Chemical and DuPont, andSyngenta and ChemChina. Although the industry’s critics have expressed concern, Prof Teng issupportive.
今年，農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)行業(yè)的集中度料將上升，數(shù)起特大合并正在推進(jìn)，包括拜耳(Bayer)與孟山都(Monsanto)、陶氏化學(xué)(Dow Chemical)與杜邦(DuPont)，以及先正達(dá)(Syngenta)與中國(guó)化工(ChemChina)。盡管業(yè)內(nèi)批評(píng)人士表達(dá)了擔(dān)憂，但Paul Teng支持這一趨勢(shì)。
“I really think that having fewer companies will be better for farmers,” he said. “The three orfour companies left will be better at carrying out groundbreaking R&D, transferringtechnology from the public sector and complying with international standards.”
他說(shuō)：“我由衷認(rèn)為，公司數(shù)量減少對(duì)農(nóng)民更有利。剩下的三四家公司將能更好地實(shí)施開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的研發(fā)項(xiàng)目，將技術(shù)從公共部門(mén)轉(zhuǎn)移出來(lái)，并遵循國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。”
